Table 1.  Number of genes showing significant expression differences in the honey bee brain as a function of ontogenetic, genetic, environmental, and physiological factors (Experiments 1-3).  Gene lists available at: http://www.beespace.uiuc.edu/

 

	p < 0.05	p < 0.001	p < 10-6	5% FDRa
Factors
Field colonies
Ontogenyb   (Ont.)	5275	4477	3230	5258
Subspeciesc	2943	1637	692	2576
Colonyd	1501	335	34	679
Ont. × Subspecies	708	68	2	39
Ont. × Colony	1124	204	24	283
Subspecies × Colony	1092	198	13	276
Ontogeny contrasts (t-tests)
d1 vs. d4	3280	1991	992	2991
d4 vs. d8	2113	590	44	1320
d8 vs. d12	937	84	0	50
d12 vs. d17	531	21	0	0
d17 vs. F	3831	2414	937	3627
d1 vs. F	4578	3745	2749	4516
“Pre-foraging maturation”      d1 vs. [d8, 12 & 17]	4093	3014	1887	3957
“Hive bee-to-forager”      [d8, 12 & 17] vs. F	4088	2965	1559	3970
Treatments in laboratory cagese
Methoprene	1587	481	95	894
Manganese	2539	509	42	1594
cGMP	1543	461	84	827
cAMP	999	129	11	151
cGMP vs. cAMP	1307	327	40	584
Experience deprivationf
“hive-restricted” vs. F	129	16	0	2

 

^aGene lists estimated to contain 5% false positives using false discovery rate (FDR) step-up method (19).

^bFocal bees were from 6 ontogenetic groups: 0-1 hr post-eclosion (d1), bees from the center of the colony (brood area) at 4, 8, 12 and 17 days of age (d4, d8, d12 and d17) and 16- or 17-day old foragers (F).

^cFocal bees were from 2 subspecies: A. m. ligustica and A. m. mellifera.

^dFocal bees were co-fostered together in 2 host colonies (see Methods).

^eAll tests were contrasts (t tests) between treatment and vehicle control, except cGMP vs. cAMP.

^fOne-tailed t test. Null hypothesis is that “hive-restricted” vs. F differences in gene expression are not in the same direction as [d8, 12 & 17] vs. F differences; only genes significant in the latter contrast at p < 0.001 were considered.